Describe of an idea of value spectrum at a good life.
Idea of Value Spectrum at a Good Life:
Ethical Value System
:
A value system refers to how an individual
or a group of individuals organize their ethical or ideological values. A
well-defined value system is a moral code.
One or more people can hold a value system.
Likewise, a value system can apply to either one person or many.
• A
personal value system is held by and applied to One individual only.
• A
communal value system is held by and applied to a community/group/society.
Some
communal value systems can take the form of legal codes or law.
a) Corporate Value Systems :
The expert group like Fred Wenstop and
Arild Myrmel have proposed a structure for corporate value systems that
consists of three value categories. These are considered complementary and
juxtaposed on the same level (if illustrated graphically on for instance an
organization's web page). The first value category is Core Values, which
prescribe the attitude and character of an organization, and are often found in
sections on Code of conduct on its web page. The philosophical antecedents of
these values are Virtue ethics, which is often attributed to Aristotle.
Protected Values are protected through rules, standards and certifications.
They are often concerned with areas such as health, environment and safety. The
third category, Created Values, is the values that stakeholders, including the
shareholders expect in return for their contributions to the firm. These values
are subject to trade-off by decision-makers or bargaining processes.
b) Value Judgment :
Value Judgment is a judgment of the
rightness or wrongness of something, based on a particular set of values or on
a particular value system.
Value judgments are statements of
subjectivity, which might be compared to axioms in mathematics and geometry - for
instance, Euclidean geometry is founded upon a different set of axioms than
various forms of non-Euclidean geometry, and thus postulates true in one
geometry may not be applicable in another geometry (or vice versa). Such postulates are in many ways analogous to
value judgments that declare something to be right within one value system but
wrong within another. Conceptually it is related both to the anthropological
axiom "cultural relativity" (i.e. that cultural meaning only exists
in a context) and "moral relativism".
For this reason the term can be used both
in a positive sense, signifying a judgment that must be made taking a value
system into account, or a disparaging sense, signifying a judgment made by
personal whim rather than rational objective thought.
On the other hand, value neutral is a
related term, signifying that a matter is considered to be objectively so, and
not dependent upon values or ethics. For example, a weapon might be considered
value neutral in the sense that without humans and a context it is of itself
neither good nor bad.
c) Values :
Each individual or culture has certain
underlying values that contribute to their value system. Values are subjective
and may vary across people and cultures.
Let us try to discuss various values:
Personal Values :
The personal values evolve from experiences
with the external world and can change over time. Integrity in the application of a value
refers to its continuity; persons have integrity if they apply their value
appropriately regardless of arguments or negative reinforcement from others.
Values are applied appropriately when they are applied in the right area. For example, it would be appropriate to apply
religious values in times of happiness as well as in times of despair.
Thus, personal values are implicitly
related to choice; they guide decisions by allowing for an individual's choices
to be compared to each choice's associated values. 'Personal values developed
early in life may be resistant to change. They may be derived from those of
particular groups or systems. Such as
culture, religion, and political party. However, personal values are not
universal; one's genes, family, nation and historical environment determine
one's personal values. This is not to say that the value concepts themselves
are not universal, merely that each individual possess a unique conception of
them.
Cultural Values :
Groups, societies, or cultures have values
that are largely shared by its members. Members share a culture even if each
member's personal values do not entirely agree with some normative values
sanctioned in the culture. This reflects
an individual's ability to synthesize and extract aspects valuable to them from
the multiple subcultures they belong to.
If an individual expresses a value that is
in serious conflict with their group's norms, the group's authority may carry
out various way of stigmatizing or conforming the individual. For example, imprisonment can result from
conflict with social norms that have been established as law or rules and
regulation of a country.
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